马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素化学合成研究现状

马铃薯与小麦、水稻和玉米同列为我国四大主粮之一,为确保国家粮食安全战略、合理调整农业种植业结构以及实施脱贫攻坚战略发挥着关键作用。随着马铃薯种植面积的不断扩大,生产和储存中发生的病虫害日益严峻。马铃薯块茎蛾（Phthorimaea operculella）为马铃薯主要害虫,是起源于美洲并快速传播至世界各地的一种茄科作物害虫,其防控策略主要包括农业防治、化学防治以及生物防治。随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强,使用具有可持续性生态绿色的马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素防治方法,逐渐引发起了农业科学家、生物学家、化学家的广泛关注,为减少化学农药的过度使用和依赖提供了可能。马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素主要包含两种化学结构,4E,7Z-十三碳二烯-1-醇醋酸酯（PTM1）和4E,7Z,10Z-十三碳三烯-1-醇醋酸酯（PTM2）。这两种性信息素的发现和结构确认过程非常曲折,其化学合成方法起始于20世纪70年代,发展于80和90年代,进入21世纪后仅有零星报道,这一过程见证了近代有机合成化学的快速发展。这两种性信息素的化学合成难点在于如何准确而高效率地构筑E式和Z式双键,PTM1的合成策略关键步骤主要包括炔烃还原或重排反应、共轭开环、有机硅诱导贝克曼反应、交叉偶联反应等。迄今仅有两例报道PTM2的合成,由于结构中增加了10位Z式双键,基于PTM1的合成方法,PTM2的两条合成路线采用了相同的偶联方法引入二炔基砌块,然后分别采用Raney-Ni或Lindlar-Pd催化氢化制得7Z,10Z两个连续双键。这些合成策略的实施为PTM1和PTM2的来源作出了重要贡献,然而多数合成路线较为冗长,双键E/Z构型选择性不高,操作比较繁琐。开发马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素简洁高效的合成方法,可为马铃薯块茎蛾田间绿色综合防治技术的广泛应用提供必要的物质来源,将在昆虫性信息素诱捕技术作为有害生物绿色防控重要手段中发挥积极推动作用。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A对新发南美番茄潜叶蛾的室内毒力及田间防效

南美番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）是新近传入我国的一种世界毁灭性番茄害虫，对我国番茄产业的潜在威胁巨大。为有效控制南美番茄潜叶蛾，测定了新型苏云金芽胞杆菌基因工程菌G033A（Bt G033A）对该昆虫的室内毒力及田间防效。结果表明，在室内条件下，以32000 IU/mg Bt G033A WP处理过的番茄叶片饲喂南美番茄潜叶蛾幼虫，其室内毒力效果由高至底依次为4龄幼虫，3龄幼虫，1～2龄幼虫，致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为14.63、15.59和23.17 g/L；浓度在10 g/L及以上时，Bt G033A对南美番茄潜叶蛾各龄幼虫的毒力均较高，处理后96 h（第4 d）校正死亡率均超过90%。在田间条件下，以Bt G033A WP 100倍液（10 g/L）喷雾防治低龄幼虫即有较好的防效，药后第5 d对1龄和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为89.1%和98.0%，药后第7 d对1龄和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率均为100%；并且，与常用的生物杀虫药剂鱼藤酮的防效相当。研究结果对有机蔬菜生产基地新发南美番茄潜叶蛾的有效控制及其综合防控方案制定，具有重要指导意义。     

番茄潜叶蛾绿色防控技术

摘要：为有效防控番茄潜叶蛾,经过近年来开展的监测预警技术明确了其在宁夏的生物学习性、发生规律、危害特点和分布范围,通过清洁育苗、清洁田园、轮作倒茬等农业防治措施,色板诱杀、性信息素诱杀、迷向诱杀、灯光诱杀等理化诱控技术,以及生物农药、化学农药防治等一系列试验示范,明确了各项技术应用的要点,集成了“监测预警＋农业防治＋理化诱控＋生物防治＋科学安全用药防治”的绿色防控技术模式。通过集成的绿色防控技术模式,建立“示范区＋农业技术推广部门＋种植基地＋普通农户”的推广模式并进行大面积应用,指导种植户进行适期防治,有效控制了番茄潜叶蛾的危害,将损失率从30%降低至10%以下,目前在宁夏乃至周边累计示范推广应用0.75万hm2,667 m2新增产值945元,经济效益显著;减少使用农药3次,保障了番茄品质,实现了绿色生产。     

印楝素与桉叶油醇对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响

测定印楝素、印楝乳油及桉叶油醇对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响.实验结果显示,印楝素对马铃薯块茎蛾成虫表现出显著的产卵抑制效果,而0.3%印楝乳油和桉叶油醇则对马铃薯块茎蛾成虫表现出显著的产卵引诱或者促进效果.     

3种喷雾助剂对5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂防治番茄潜叶蛾的增效作用

为评价喷雾助剂对5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂防治番茄潜叶蛾Phthorimaea absoluta Meyrick的增效作用, 分别向比推荐用量减量10%、20%、30%的药液中添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油助剂至终浓度为0.05% (V/V), 测定其对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防效。结果显示, 添加3种喷雾助剂均能不同程度地提高5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防效。相较于推荐用量, 添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油可使农药减量10%～20%。田间应用时可将5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂按照推荐用量减量10%～20%, 并添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油来防治番茄潜叶蛾。     

10种寄主植物挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的引诱作用

为了筛选寄主植物挥发物中引诱马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的活性成分,在室内利用选择性产卵试验方法分别测定了寄主植物的10种挥发物：α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-石竹烯、β-石竹烯、P-聚伞花素、柠檬烯、壬醛、月桂烯、α-松油烯和烟碱各自不同浓度（0.00075～0.012g.L-1）的溶液对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响。结果表明：α-蒎烯、α-石竹烯、β-石竹烯、柠檬烯、月桂烯和烟碱均在浓度范围内（0.00075～0.012g.L-1）分别对马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵有极显著的引诱作用;β-蒎烯、α-松油烯在浓度范围（0.00075～0.012g.L-1）内分别对马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵有显著的引诱作用;P-聚伞花素、壬醛在浓度范围（0.0015～0.012 g.L-1）内对马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵有极显著的引诱作用。本文供试的10种挥发物均对马铃薯块茎蛾有产卵引诱效果。     

Efficacy assessment of some<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Trichogramma</Emphasis> species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in controlling the potato tuber moth<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phthorimaea operculella</Emphasis> Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Laboratory studies were conducted to assess several life-history characteristics of three Trichogramma species—T. cacoeciae, T. evanescens, and T. principium—reared on potato tuber moth eggs. The effects of host age, parasitoid age, and different temperatures on the mean number of parasitized eggs and the percentage of emerged progeny were determined. The age of both Trichogramma and host eggs significantly affected the number of eggs parasitized by the wasps, but did not affect the percentage of parasitoids emerging from parasitized eggs. No intraspecific differences for potato tuber moth eggs were found among the tested Trichogramma species. However, T. principium proved to be more effective than T. cacoeciae and T. evanescens in parasitizing host eggs at high temperatures (>33 °C). Trichogramma significantly decreased the number of potato tuber moth F₁ emerged progeny when they were released with moths in small cages either over potatoes or potato seedlings.     

Breeding for resistance to potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), in diploid potatoes

Summary Sixty-two 2x families were generated by intermating 16, 2x clones and evaluated for resistance to potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella under natural infestation in a storage at San Ramon, Peru and in laboratory tests. The following conclusions could be drawn: (1) relatively simple inheritance was observed for resistance derived from Solanum sparsipilum (spl), (2) the high level of resistance of the original spl has been transferred, undiminished, into an advanced 2x population, (3) simple phenotypic selection was successfully applied to transfer resistance into an improved 2x population, (4) there was a strong indication of reciprocal effects, however spl cytoplasm is not essential for the expression of nuclear resistance genes, (5) antibiosis and antixenosis are the mechanism of PTM resistance in this population, and (6) 4x × 2x crosses could be used to transfer the resistance into commercial cultivars.     

庚醛与桉叶油醇组合对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

马铃薯块茎蛾(Phthorimaea operculella)是世界上为害马铃薯最严重的害虫之一,本研究利用桉叶油醇与庚醛驱避-引诱组合对其产卵行为进行调控,以探究最佳驱避-引诱组合规律及影响因素。在室内条件(27±1℃,L∥D=14h∥10h,RH:50%~70%)测定了桉叶油醇与庚醛单组分及两种组分驱避-引诱组合对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响。桉叶油醇在6~12mg/L浓度范围内对马铃薯块茎蛾表现为产卵引诱作用,在18~30mg/L浓度范围内则表现为产卵驱避作用;庚醛在6~30mg/L浓度范围内对马铃薯块茎蛾表现为产卵驱避效果。将对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为引诱效果较好的桉叶油醇(3,6,12 mg/L)与驱避效果较好的庚醛(12,18,24mg/L)进行引诱-驱避组合,12mg/L庚醛与3mg/L桉叶油醇push-pull组合效果最好,push-pull效应达36.6%。对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为调控最佳的驱避-引诱组合为最低驱避浓度(12mg/L庚醛)与最低引诱(3mg/L桉叶油醇)浓度组合。产卵选择指数和push-pull效应与交配率、单雌产卵量不具有相关性,但是浓度变化可以导致交配率和单雌产卵量的变化。     

Attract‐and‐kill: a new strategy for the management of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) in potato: laboratory experiments towards optimising pheromone and insecticide concentration

BACKGROUND: Sex pheromones of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) are ideal tools to monitor pest flight activity but are not used as means of control. The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of an attract‐and‐kill strategy consisting of pure pheromones and the contact insecticide cyfluthrin as the active ingredient, formulated with plant oils and ultraviolet absorbers, and applied in droplet sizes of 100 µL. RESULTS: Cyfluthrin at a concentration of 5 g L^?1 resulted in the highest and fastest killing of males after 48 h, with a 100% mortality after 3–4 days. In contrast, control males survived for 13 days. In olfactometer experiments, the pheromone concentration of 0.5 g L^?1 was significantly most attractive against eight virgin females. At controlled conditions (20 °C), no reduction in efficacy of the attract‐and‐kill formulation was observed for a minimum period of 36 days, whereas under natural environmental conditions the efficacy reduced gradually after day 6 of exposure. The longer the droplet was exposed, the longer was the time to reach 100% mortality of males. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with attract‐and‐kill studies for other pest species, the results are promising as a means of achieving highly effective control of potato tuber moths under field conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry